A synthesis of chitosan copper and copper oxides nanoparticles (Cs-Cu, CuO) NPs via electrochemical technique has been reported. Chitosan copper complexes were prepared by electrochemical oxidation technique at duration time followed by reduction using different reducing agents for producing chitosan copper nanoparticles, Cs used as stabilizer and capping agent. The nanocomposites were characterized by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were investigated emphasized formation the formation of NPs with different shapes. The average size of formed NPs is 28 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to investigate the formation of the crystalline structure of prepared samples exhibited presence of copper and copper oxides in the formed complexes and nanocomposites. Analysis of FTIR showed chelation of Cu+2 with chitosan in complex form and electrostatic interaction between chitosan and copper nanoparticles.

1. Ferrando, R., J. Jellinek, and R.L. Johnston, Nanoalloys: from theory to applications of alloy clusters and nanoparticles. Chemical reviews, 2008. 108(3): p. 845-910.
2. Egorova, E.M., A.A. Kubatiev, and V.I. Schvets, Biological Effects of Metal Nanoparticles. 2014, Springer.
3. Ahamed, M., et al., Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2014. 2014: p. 4.
4. Qiao, X., et al., Study on potential antitumor mechanism of a novel Schiff Base copper (II) complex: synthesis, crystal structure, DNA binding, cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction activity. Journal of inorganic biochemistry, 2011. 105(5): p. 728-737.
5. Santini, C., et al., Advances in copper complexes as anticancer agents. Chemical reviews, 2013. 114(1): p. 815-862.
6. Chen, Z., et al., Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo. Toxicology letters, 2006. 163(2): p. 109-120.
7. Suresh, Y., et al. Characterization of green synthesized copper nanoparticles: A novel approach. in Advanced Nanomaterials and Emerging Engineering Technologies (ICANMEET), 2013 International Conference on. 2013. IEEE.
8. Vitulli, G., et al., Nanoscale copper particles derived from solvated Cu atoms in the activation of molecular oxygen. Chemistry of materials, 2002. 14(3): p. 1183-1186.
9. Joshi, S., et al., Radiation induced synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles. Nanostructured materials, 1998. 10(7): p. 1135-1144.
10. Liu, Z. and Y. Bando, A novel method for preparing copper nanorods and nanowires. Advanced Materials, 2003. 15(4): p. 303-305.
11. Dhas, N.A., C.P. Raj, and A. Gedanken, Synthesis, characterization, and properties of metallic copper nanoparticles. Chemistry of materials, 1998. 10(5): p. 1446-1452.
12. Cheng, X., et al., Modifier effects on chemical reduction synthesis of nanostructured copper. Applied surface science, 2006. 253(5): p. 2727-2732.
13. Aye, H.L., S. Choopun, and T. Chairuangsri. Preparation of nanoparticles by laser ablation on copper target in distilled water. in Advanced Materials Research. 2010. Trans Tech Publ.
14. Chen, D.-H. and S.-H. Wu, Synthesis of nickel nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsions. Chemistry of Materials, 2000. 12(5): p. 1354-1360.
15. Reetz, M.T. and W. Helbig, Size-selective synthesis of nanostructured transition metal clusters. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1994. 116(16): p. 7401-7402.
16. Zheng, Y., et al., Preparation of chitosan–copper complexes and their antitumor activity. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2006. 16(15): p. 4127-4129.
17. Kumar, M.N.R., A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and functional polymers, 2000. 46(1): p. 1-27.
18. Annapurna, S., et al. Characterization of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles Stabilized by Ocimum Leaf Extract. in MRS Proceedings. 2014. Cambridge Univ Press.
19. Lavertu, M., et al., High efficiency gene transfer using chitosan/DNA nanoparticles with specific combinations of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Biomaterials, 2006. 27(27): p. 4815-4824.
20. Mekahlia, S. and B. Bouzid, Chitosan-Copper (II) complex as antibacterial agent: synthesis, characterization and coordinating bond-activity correlation study. Physics Procedia, 2009. 2(3): p. 1045-1053.
21. Yin, X., et al., Metal-coordinating controlled oxidative degradation of chitosan and antioxidant activity of chitosan-metal complex. Arkivoc, 2004. 9: p. 66-78.
22. Reicha, F.M., et al., Electrochemical synthesis, characterization and biological activity of chitosan metal complexes. Int. J. of Basic and Applied Chemical Sciences, 2012. 2: p. 7-22.
23. Cai, Q., et al., Degradation of chitosan by an electrochemical process. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2010. 79(3): p. 783-785.
24. Kousalya, G., et al., Preparation and metal uptake studies of modified forms of chitin. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2010. 47(5): p. 583-589.
25. Chiessi, E., et al., Copper complexes immobilized to chitosan. Journal of inorganic biochemistry, 1992. 46(2): p. 109-118.
26. Rhazi, M., et al., Contribution to the study of the complexation of copper by chitosan and oligomers. Polymer, 2002. 43(4): p. 1267-1276.
27. Brunel, F., N.E. El Gueddari, and B.M. Moerschbacher, Complexation of copper (II) with chitosan nanogels: Toward control of microbial growth. Carbohydrate polymers, 2013. 92(2): p. 1348-1356.
28. Dang, T.M.D., et al., Synthesis and optical properties of copper nanoparticles prepared by a chemical reduction method. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2011. 2(1): p. 015009.
29. Tiwari, A.D., et al., Stabilisation of silver and copper nanoparticles in a chemically modified chitosan matrix. Carbohydrate polymers, 2013. 92(2): p. 1402-1407.
30. Bian, Y., et al., Preparation and study on anti-tumor effect of chitosan-coated oleanolic acid liposomes. RSC Advances, 2015. 5(24): p. 18725-18732.
31. sani Usman, M., Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of copper nanoparticles. International journal of nanomedicine, 2013. 8: p. 4467-4479.
32. Dhawade, P.P. and R.N. Jagtap, Characterization of the glass transition temperature of chitosan and its oligomers by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Adv Appl Sci Res, 2012. 3(3): p. 1372-82.
33. Usman, M.S., et al., Copper nanoparticles mediated by chitosan: synthesis and characterization via chemical methods. Molecules, 2012. 17(12): p. 14928-14936.
34. Zain, N.M., A. Stapley, and G. Shama, Green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles using ascorbic acid and chitosan for antimicrobial applications. Carbohydrate polymers, 2014. 112: p. 195-202.
35. Manikandan, A. and M. Sathiyabama, Green synthesis of copper-chitosan nanoparticles and study of its antibacterial activity. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology, 2015. 2015.
36. Prakash, I., et al., Preparation and characterization of nanocrystallite size cuprous oxide. Materials Research Bulletin, 2007. 42(9): p. 1619-1624.
37. Li, L.-H., et al., Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activities of chitosan/Ag/ZnO blend films. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010. 160(1): p. 378-382.
38. Qi, Z.-m., et al., Characterization of gold nanoparticles synthesized using sucrose by seeding formation in the solid phase and seeding growth in aqueous solution. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004. 108(22): p. 7006-7011.
39. Primo, A., et al., High catalytic activity of oriented 2.0. 0 copper (I) oxide grown on graphene film. Nature communications, 2015. 6.
40. Guo, Y., et al., One pot preparation of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) or Au (Ag) nanoparticle-RGO hybrids using chitosan as a reducing and stabilizing agent and their use in methanol electrooxidation. Carbon, 2012. 50(7): p. 2513-2523.
41. Chmielová, M., J. Seidlerová, and Z. Weiss, X-ray diffraction phase analysis of crystalline copper corrosion products after treatment in different chloride solutions. Corrosion science, 2003. 45(5): p. 883-889.
42. Dang, T.M.D., et al., The influence of solvents and surfactants on the preparation of copper nanoparticles by a chemical reduction method. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2011. 2(2): p. 025004.
43. Shalumon, K., et al., Fabrication of aligned poly (lactic acid)-chitosan nanofibers by novel parallel blade collector method for skin tissue engineering. Journal of biomedical nanotechnology, 2012. 8(3): p. 405-416.
44. Lu, J.Z., et al., Chelating efficiency and thermal, mechanical and decay resistance performances of chitosan copper complex in wood–polymer composites. Bioresource technology, 2008. 99(13): p. 5906-5914.
45. Yang, H.-J., S.-Y. He, and H.-Y. Tuan, Self-Seeded Growth of Five-Fold Twinned Copper Nanowires: Mechanistic Study, Characterization, and SERS Applications. Langmuir, 2014. 30(2): p. 602-610.

@article{Omar05031009,
title = "Copper and Copper Oxides Nanoparticles Synthesized by Electrochemical Technique in Chitosan Solution ",
journal = "International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications (IJSEA)",
volume = "5",
number = "3",
pages = "180 - 187",
year = "2016",
author = " F. A. Omar, M. M. El-Tonsy, A. H. Oraby, Fikry M. Reicha ",
}