With the rapid popularization of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry, power batteries serve as the core energy storage component of vehicles, and their range degradation has become a key pain point that restricts users' driving experience, affects vehicle service life, and hinders the high-quality development of the industry. During long-term charging and discharging and under complex operating conditions, power batteries experience problems such as irreversible capacity decline and reduced driving range, which not only increase users' vehicle costs but also lead to a series of problems such as battery scrapping and resource waste. Taking NEV power batteries as the research object, this paper systematically analyzes the core factors causing battery range degradation, including internal material characteristics, the external use environment, charge-discharge conditions, and operation and maintenance management. Combining the working principles of batteries with actual application scenarios, it puts forward all-round optimization strategies such as technical optimization, usage standards, and operation and maintenance upgrades, providing a theoretical reference and practical basis for improving the service life of power batteries, delaying range degradation, and promoting the sustainable development of the NEV industry.