Wireless mobile communication technology has gone through multiple generations of technical iteration, profoundly changing human communication modes and promoting social?economic development. Starting from digital 2G network, this paper sorts out the technical characteristics, core technologies and typical application scenarios of 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G mobile communication systems. It analyzes the evolution logic of mobile communication from voice?oriented service to mobile broadband and Internet?of?Everything. On this basis, the paper discusses the future developing trends of wireless communication technology, including 6G research, integrated sensing and communication, space?air?ground integrated network and artificial intelligence empowered network. Existing technical challenges are also summarized, which can provide reference for vocational teaching and related engineering research.