Currently, acoustic wave detection methods are widely used in oil extraction and exploration operations. During transmission, the oil well casing acts as a natural filter, eliminating high-frequency signals and leaving behind weak sub-audio signals that are easily disrupted by environmental noise. Traditional dual-power supply amplifying circuits, while functional, suffer from high costs, complex usage, and instability. To address these issues, this paper presents the design of a single-power supply microphone amplifier and acquisition circuit based on the STM32F103ZET6 microcontroller. The system utilizes a 24-bit AD7192 chip for high-precision analog-to-digital conversion. The hardware includes a low-pass amplifying filter circuit with a cutoff frequency of 150Hz and an amplification factor of 6. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed single-supply circuit effectively amplifies and denoises the collected acoustic signals, providing a cost-effective and reliable solution for dynamic fluid level detection in oil wells.