As a core heat exchange component in battery thermal management systems, the liquid cold plate must not only perform heat dissipation functions but also withstand multiple loads including battery module weight and internal coolant pressure. Its structural load-bearing performance directly affects the sealing, reliability, and service life of the system. This paper focuses on the structural load-bearing performance of aluminum alloy liquid cold plates and systematically reviews the structural forms and load-bearing characteristics of liquid cold plates. The review emphasizes two aspects: deformation and stress response under hydrostatic pressure, and stiffness and strength evaluation under heavy-load conditions. The analysis indicates that the load-bearing performance of liquid cold plates is mainly influenced by material properties, cross-sectional geometric characteristics, and internal support structure layout. The flow channel ribs not only guide the coolant but also serve a structural reinforcement function, significantly improving plate stiffness. Stress concentration zones are typically located at geometric discontinuities, which are the main causes of structural failure. This paper also summarizes the main analysis methods for structural performance of liquid cold plates and proposes future research directions, aiming to provide a reference for the structural-functional integrated design of liquid cold plates.